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Every day we use Internet services and search tools in particular when seeking data. The search results are commonly called hits and are provided in the form of a list. The data may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also accumulate data available in databanks or open directories. Unlike Web directories that are maintained by human editors, search engines function algorithmically or are a mix of human and algorithmic input. Web search engines function by storing data about a huge number of web pages which they retrieve from the WWW. These pages are retrieved by a web crawler, also known as a spider. It is an automatically-controlled Web browser which follows every link it finds. The content of each page is then analyzed to determine how to index it. Words, for example, are extracted from titles, headings or special fields called meta tags. Data about web pages are saved and stored in an index catalogue for further use in queries. Some search tools, such as Google, store the whole or part of the source page (also called a cache) and data about web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they have discovered. The cached page always holds the actual search text, since it is the one that was actually indexed. So, it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been altered and the search words are no longer in it. Once a web user has typed key words in the search field, the engine browse through its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages in accordance with its parameters, usually with a short summary coupled with the document's title and sometimes excerpts from the text. Some search engines have installed an advanced feature called proximity search which allows users to define the length between key words. The usefulness of a search engine hangs on the relevancy of the results it provides. Since there can be millions of web pages containing a certain search term or phrase, web pages can be divided into relevant and irrelevant ones. Most search tools employ methods to rank the results to list the "best" results first. The way a search tool displays web pages is specific to a search engine. The techniques also change over time, since the use of Internet services alters and new techniques become available.
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